Relationship between the ‘two-week rule’ and colorectal cancer diagnosis
Abstract
This literature review explored the relationship between the ‘two-week rule’ (TWR) and the diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). The Cochrane Review, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), NHS Evidence and Medline databases were searched and produced 12 relevant studies. Since the introduction of the TWR, the CRC detection rate has been poor and there appears to be disagreement in the literature regarding the efficacy of the TWR to detect CRC at an earlier disease stage. There have also been variations in the use of the TWR guidelines by GPs. These factors may lead to poor outcomes for patients with CRC.
References
- (2006) Pathways to the diagnosis of colorectal cancer: an observational study in three UK cities. Fam Pract 23(1): 15–9 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
- (2004) The two-week referral for colorectal cancer: a retrospective analysis. Colorectal Dis 6(2): 85–91 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
Beating Bowel Cancer (2014) Screening programmes. http://tinyurl.com/n2hrhnl (accessed 2 May 2014 ) Google ScholarBowel Cancer UK (2012) Bowel cancer statistics. http://www.bowelcanceruk.org.uk/information-resources/bowel-cancer-facts-figures/ (accessed 2 May 2014 ) Google ScholarCancer Research UK (2012a) Bowel cancer incidence statistics. http://tinyurl.com/opw9ssw (accessed 2 May 2014 ) Google ScholarCancer Research UK (2012b) Bowel cancer survival statistics. http://tinyurl.com/pcqjnsd (accessed 5 May 2014 ) Google ScholarCancer Research UK (2012c) Dukes' stages of bowel cancer. http://tinyurl.com/p2f9v9n (accessed 2 May 2014 ) Google ScholarCancer Research UK (2014a) TNM and number stages of bowel cancer. http://tinyurl.com/nbwebsr (accessed 2 May 2014 ) Google ScholarCancer Research UK (2014b) Screening for bowel cancer. http://tinyurl.com/ppjbnfs (accessed 2 May 2014 ) Google Scholar- (2005) How has the ‘two-week wait’ rule affected the presentation of colorectal cancer? Colorectal Dis 7(5): 450–3 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
- (2002) Guidelines, compliance and effectiveness: a 12 months' audit in an acute district general healthcare trust on the two week rule for suspected colorectal cancer. Postgrad Med J 78(926): 748–51 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
Department of Health (2000a) The NHS Cancer plan. DH, London Google ScholarDepartment of Health (2000b) HSC 2000/013: Referral guidelines for suspected cancer. http://tinyurl.com/ohttato (accessed 2 May 2014 ) Google ScholarDepartment of Health (2011) Improving Outcomes: a strategy for cancer. DH, London Google ScholarDepartment of Health (2012) Government launches its first ever national bowel cancer campaign. http://preview.tinyurl.com/78daxu8 (accessed 2 May 2014 ) Google Scholar- (2009) The two-week rule in colorectal cancer. Can it deliver its promise? Int J Surg 7(6): 521–5. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2009.08.006 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
- (2003) The Department of Health's “two-week standard” for bowel cancer: is it working? Gut 53: 387–91 Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2006) The Research Process in Nursing. 5th edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford Google Scholar
- (2010) How to Read a Paper: the Basics of Evidence-Based Medicine. 4th edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford Google Scholar
- (2004) Diagnosis of colorectal cancer in primary care: the evidence base for the guidelines. Fam Pract 21(1): 99–106 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
- (2006) Making Sense of Research: An Introduction for Health and Social Care Practitioners. 3rd edn. Sage, London Google Scholar
- (2007) Inter general practice variability in use of referral guidelines for colorectal cancer. Colorectal Dis 9(8): 731–5 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
- (2010) The effectiveness of the ‘2-week wait’ referral service for colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Pract 64(12):1671–4. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02505.x. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
- (2009) Nursing Research: an Introduction. Sage, London Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 2004) Improving Outcomes in Colorectal Cancers. http://tinyurl.com/npst8xy (accessed 2 May 2014 ) Google ScholarNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2005) Referral guidelines for suspected cancer. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG027publicinfo.pdf(accessed 5 May 2014 ) Google Scholar- (2006) Research for Evidence-Based Practice. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford Google Scholar
Office for National Statistics (2012) Colorectal Cancer, England, 2009. http://tinyurl.com/l6st7da (accessed 5 May 2014 ) Google Scholar- (2008) Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice. 9th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, New York Google Scholar
- (2005) Changing trends in the management of colorectal cancers and its impact on cancer waiting times. Colorectal Dis 8(2): 140–4 Crossref, Google Scholar
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network 67 (2003) Management of Colorectal Cancer: a National Clinical Guideline. SIGN, Scotland Google Scholar- (2006) The effects of the two-week rule on NHS colorectal cancer diagnostic services: a systematic literature review. BMC Health Serv Res 6: 43 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
- (2009) The two-week rule for NHS gastrointestinal cancer referrals: a systematic review of diagnostic effectiveness. Open Colorectal Cancer J 2: 27–33 Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2004) A study on the routes of referral for patients with colorectal cancer and its affect on the time to surgery and pathological stage. Colorectal Dis 6(6): 428–31 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar



